OFF THE WIRE
An informative essay titled
10 Ways the Police Can Lie to You appeared on the
website
of San Diego criminal defense attorney Nicholas J. Moore. The essay
details a number of deceits and tricks investigators may attempt to get a
confession — true or otherwise — out of a suspect.
From the
essay:
As a general proposition, police are allowed to lie. The
lies told by the police to a suspect under questioning do not render the
confession involuntary per se. Mere trickery alone does not invalidate a
confession. The court must look to see whether the deception is
reasonably likely to produce a false confession. People v. Farnam (2002) 28 Cal.4th 107;Hawkins v. Lynaugh (5th Cir. 1988) 844 F.2d 1132
The list begins by explaining that police can even lie about having
already obtained physical evidence — such as DNA or fingerprints — from a
crime scene, and expounds on a number of other police bluffs, complete
with actual example cases:
(1) They Can Lie About Physical Evidence
“We have your fingerprints.”
“We have your DNA.”
Fingerprint and DNA analysis requires time, and county crime labs are
notoriously backlogged. If you have been arrested as a suspect for a
crime that was recently committed, it is highly unlikely that police
have fingerprints from the scene of the crime, at the time of
interrogation.
Consider the following true story:
The defendant voluntarily came to the police station and was told he
was not under arrest. The officer told the defendant that his
fingerprints were found at the scene, a lie. The defendant then
confessed to taking the property.
Oregon v. Mathiason (1977) 429 U.S. 492
The 6th District described the practice of police lying about having
DNA, “a regrettable but frequent practice of law enforcement was not
unconstitutional,” citing to
People v. Jones (1998) 17 Cal.4th 279, 299 – which allow police deception as long as it is not unlikely to produce an untruthful confession.
(2) They can trick you into giving up your DNA
“Would you like something to drink?”
If you are arrested for a serious crime (read: violent crime), a DNA
swab is now part of the normal booking routine. However, the police may
also try and trick you into surrendering your DNA by offering you a
soda, cup of water or coffee. A positive DNA match to an active crime
scene is usually sufficient for an arrest and a charge. Police are even
allowed to go through your garbage to obtain your DNA and other
evidence.
Maryland v. King (2013) 133 S.Ct. 1958; California v. Greenwood (1988) 486 U.S. 35
(3) They can give you fake tests to “prove you’re guilty”
“You failed the polygraph.”
“You failed a chemical test.”
Consider the following true story:
A suspect requested a polygraph test, and the police hooked the
suspect up to a fake machine. During the questioning, the suspect denied
any involvement in the crime, then the police show the defendant a fake
graph from the fake machine, and say the suspect is lying. The suspect
thereafter admits being present at the scene of the crime – The court
ruled the defendant’s admission is a voluntary and admissible
confession.
People v. Mays (2009) 173 Cal App. 4th 1145.
Another true story:
“In the first step of the “test,” the detectives sprayed defendant’s
hands with soap and patted them with a paper towel. In the second step,
they used a field test kit used for testing substances suspected of
being cocaine, which the detectives knew inevitably would turn color.
The detective told defendant that the test had provided proof that
defendant had recently fired a gun.”
People v. Smith (2007) 40 Cal.4th 483; People v. Parrison (1992) 137 Cal.App.3d 529, 537
(4) They can lie about having an eyewitness to the crime
“An eyewitness identified you.”
True Story:
A defendant was brought to a police station and advised of his
Miranda rights. Defendant waived his rights, gave a statement, and then
asked for an attorney. As the detectives picked up their books to leave
the room a detective tells the defendant that the victim identified a
picture of the Defendant as the one who stabbed and raped her. At the
time, the victim had not seen any photographs. The defendant
subsequently confessed.
People v. Dominick (1986) 182 Cal. Ap. 3d 1174.
(5) They can lie about recording your conversation
“I’m turning the recorder off, this is just between you and me.”
“This is off the record.”
There is nothing requiring a police officer to disclose the presence
of an already-activated tape recorder. In fact, there may be more than
one recording device in the room, and the police may turn one of those
devices off and say, “this is just between us,” or “this is off the
record.” Remember that when speaking with the police, there is no “off
the record.”
People v. Sims (1993) 5 Cal. 4th 405.
(6) They can lie about having an accomplice’s confession
“Your friend sold you out and told us everything”
The police are permitted to lie and tell you that your accomplice
confessed. Detectives could place both Frazier and his cousin at a bar
where a victim was last seen alive. Both Frazier and the cousin were
arrested. Police lied to Frazier during the interview that his cousin
confessed and told them everything. Frazier made statements that he and
his cousin were at the bar. Those statements were used to convict him.
Frazier v. Cupp (1969) 394 U.S. 731.
The police are even permitted to show you a forged confession from your friend/accomplice to try and trick you into confessing.
People v. Long (1970) 6 Cal. App. 3d 741
(7) The police can imply that co-operation will lead to leniency
“We already know what happened, but if you obstruct our investigation the DA will be a lot tougher on you.”
Police cannot make threats or a promise of lieniency. It’s a true
statement – you can be criminally charged for lying to the police. The
police are prohibited from making threats or promises to induce a
confession – but that does not mean that they will not threaten you or
make you false promises. Police break the rules all the time. Your best
defense is to remain silent and wait for a lawyer.
What most people don’t realize is that the police do not charge you
with a crime – only the district attorney can make that decision. In the
vast majority of cases a DA does not know anything about the case until
the date of arraignment where they first pick up the file and read a
police report. When a DA reads the file for the first time one of the
key pieces of evidence they are looking for is if you made any
statements (that is the one thing that makes their job the easiest).
United States v. Santos-Garcia (8th Cir.2002) 313 F.3d 1073, 1079 (noting that raised voices and suggestions on how to gain leniency do not render a confession involuntary).
(8) They can lie about what will happen to other people.
“Your friend will spend their life in jail if you don’t tell us what happened.”
The police can lie to you and say that your friend will go to jail
for the rest of their life. HOWEVER, they cannot threaten a family
member with harm or removal from the home. While the court permits a
number of coercive tactics, threatening your family is considered the
type of threat that is likely to produce a false confession. “A threat
by police to arrest or punish a close relative, or a promise to free the
relative in exchange for a confession, may render an admission
invalid.” People v. Steger (1976) 16 Cal.3d 539, 550.
(9) They can lie about your ability to defend yourself from a criminal charge.
“We know what happened, the best thing for you is to tell us how write it up in your favor and we will help you out.”
“We have enough evidence to charge you – this is your only opportunity to tell your story.”
Police do not “charge” you with a crime. They write a report and the
District Attorney reads the report. The district attorney then decides
to either file a charge, or not file a charge depending on the strength
of the case. The hardest cases to prosecute are the ones where the
Defendant has said NOTHING. The less you say to the Police, the better
off you are at avoiding a charge.
Defendant and his accomplice were wanted for a murder. Officers
already had a full confession from defendant’s accomplice, blaiming the
killing on defendant. Police lied and told the Defendant they have
enough evidence to charge him with murder. The defendant told the police
his friend actually did the murder. His statements were used against
him to place him at the scene of the crime, and as an accomplice.
Defendant was ultimately convicted of murder. When the police tell you
they will help you out, they are lying. Their only job is to investigate
a case. The police will never help a suspect/person do anything but
incriminate themselves.
People v. Gurule (2002) 28 Cal.4th 557
(10) They can ignore your request for a lawyer
There is an evidentiary loophole that allows voluntary statements,
given in violation of Miranda, to be useable in court for impeachment
purposes (challenging the defendant’s credibility).
True story:
Strategically, police officers made an agreement prior to
interviewing the defendant, that they would continue questioning
Defendant if he invoked his right to an attorney. They knew that
anything the Defendant said could not be used to prove his guilt,
however anything the defendant said is admissible as “impeachment
evidence,” – which is evidence that tends to show that the Defendant is
falsely testifying.
Defendant requested a lawyer 11 times over the course of a 4 hour
interrogation, but each time after requesting a lawyer, the police
ignored the request and asked another question to which the Defendant
answered – and then resumed questioning. He then later admitted a rape
and double homicide to police. He never saw a lawyer. Court found the
defendant was not subjected to physical or psychological mistreatments
and is mature and has had past criminal experience and that his
statements were therefore voluntary and admissible.
People v. Jablonski (2006) 37 Cal.4th 774
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